Why you should read this article:

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To improve your understanding of the pathophysiology and aetiology of endometriosis

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To enhance your knowledge of the risk factors for endometriosis and its indicative signs and symptoms

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To increase your awareness of endometriosis as a potential differential diagnosis in women of reproductive age presenting with severe pelvic pain

Endometriosis is an oestrogen-dependent disorder where endometrial tissue forms lesions outside the uterus, causing chronic inflammation and scarring. Women who have endometriosis may experience a highly variable range of non-specific signs and symptoms, including pelvic pain. Endometriosis is often misdiagnosed, partly because its signs and symptoms can easily be attributed to more common conditions that cause pelvic pain in women, resulting in delayed diagnosis and treatment. This article describes the pathophysiology, aetiology, risk factors for, and signs and symptoms of endometriosis. It also outlines how endometriosis should be investigated and treated in the emergency department (ED). Its aim is to support nurses to deliver effective care to women of reproductive age presenting to the ED with severe pelvic pain.