<p>Last February The Howard League for Penal Reform stated that unacceptable levels of pain was routinely being used to restrain children in custody. The report was the result of an independent investigation, led by Lord Carlile (2006), which was set in motion after the death of a 15-year old boy in a privately-managed secure unit. The youth died while being restrained by three adults. Among its 45 recommendations, the report said that:</p> ■<p>the use of physical interventions must be severely restricted</p> ■<p>physical force must never be used to secure compliance or as a punishment.</p>